1. High levels of antioxidants have been associated with longer life spans. True False
2. Antioxidants are compounds that neutralize oxygen radicals. True False
3. Some antioxidants are enzymes while others are nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. True False
4. Biomarkers (in cells, tissues, and organs) are biological changes that characterize the aging process. True False
5. Scientists consider chronological time a better measure of aging than biomarkers. True False
6. Caloric restriction refers to an experimental approach to studying longevity in which life spans of laboratory animals have been extended by reducing calories while the necessary level of nutrients is maintained. True False
7. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a large molecule that carries the genetic information necessary for all cellular functions, including the building of proteins. True False
8. Damage to DNA and the rate at which damage is repaired may help determine the rate of aging. True False
9. Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that react readily with other molecules. True False
10. Oxygen-free radicals, produced during metabolism, damage cells and may be responsible for aging in tissues and organs. True False
11. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the "code" for a specific protein. True False
12. Gene expression is the process by which genes are transcribed and translated into proteins. True False
13. Age-related changes in gene expression may account for some of the phenomena of aging. True False
14. Glycation is the process by which glucose links with proteins and causes them to bind together, thus stiffening tissues and leading to the complications of diabetes and perhaps some of the physiologic problems associated with aging. True False
15. The Hayflick limit is the finite number of divisions of which a cell is capable. True False
16. Interleukins are substances secreted by lymphocytes, and their levels vary with age. True False
17. Lymphocytes are small white blood cells that are important to the immune system. True False
18. A decline in lymphocyte function with advancing age is being studied for insights into aging and disease. True False
19. Proliferative genes are genes that promote cell division or proliferation. True False
20. Photoaging is a process initiated by sunlight through which the skin becomes drier and loses elasticity. True False
21. Photoaging has the same effect as normal aging on certain skin cells. True False
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